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| Achievements of Degree and Graduate Education in China |
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| 2004/05/13 |
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A number of
bachelors, masters and doctors have been trained in domestic
institutions independently and a group of qualified
high-level personnel have been transferred for the
modernization construction in China. We have awarded since
the implementation of the Regulations 43,000 Doctoral
Degrees, 430,000 Master's Degrees, and about 4,600,000
Bachelor's Degrees. The number of Doctoral Degrees awarded
to persons of the equivalent educational levels has reached
578 and the number of Master's Degrees awarded to persons of
the equivalent educational levels has reached
21,599£®The conferred degrees cover Philosophy,
Economics, Law, Education, Literature, History, Natural
Sciences, Engineering, Agronomy, Medicine, and Military
Science. There was a total enrollment of 199,000
postgraduates of which 45,000 enrolled in doctoral programs
by the end of August, 1998. The ratio of enrollment of
undergraduates and graduates stands at 11£º1 in
1998£® The total number of graduates will be over
200,000 by 2000.
The development of degree and
graduate education in China has fundamentally changed the
structure of its higher education. It substantiates various
teaching forces and education conditions. It contributes a
lot to the establishment of a characteristic, independent
and complete higher education system. The tertiary levels of
education provided by short-cycle courses or schools,
undergraduate courses, and postgraduate programs promote and
adjust each other, leading to a new face of Chinese higher
education, which is a big leap in the history of Chinese
higher education. In 1997,the number of the teachers with
graduate degrees in the higher education institutions was
114,000£® The proportion has increased from
7£¥ in 1984 to 28£¥ in 1997.
Postgraduates, especially doctoral students have been an
indispensable and most active new force in the field of
science and technology.
A system of degree conferment encompassing all
disciplines and specialties and the guarantee of degree
quality has taken shape due to adhering to the standards.
With the policy of "adherence to standards,
strict requirement, guarantee of quality, and justice",
we have examined and verified Master's and Doctoral degree
conferring units and their disciplines and specialties for
seven times in China. Now, there are 323 units which can
offer Doctoral degrees, of which 276 units are higher
education institutions, and l827 doctoral programs, of which
1427 programs are in higher education institutions. There
are 685 institutions which can offer Master's Degrees, of
which 539 are universities and colleges, and 8575
master-level programs, of which 7119 are in universitis and
colleges. There are 584 regular higher education
institutions and 81 military higher education institutions
that are authorized to confer Bachelor's Degree. since 1996,
the Academic Degree Committee of the State Council has
expanded the scope of degree conferment from the second
grade disciplines to some first grade disciplines with a
high academic level, strong comprehensive education forces,
well-trained postgraduates in some qualified Master's and
Doctoral degree conferring units in the process of
evaluating the first grade disciplines. At present, the
number of the units whose first grade disciplines can confer
doctoral degree has reached 134, of which 103 are higher
education institutions. The number of the first grade
disciplines which can offer doctoral programs has reached
383 of which 331 are of higher education institutions.
Measures have
been taken to construct training bases for high-leved
personnel, which can not only be teaching centers, but also
research centers.
Master-level postgraduates
have been admitted and trained in all the 382 disciplines
and specialties mentioned in the Catalog of Disciplines and
Specialties of Conferring Doctor's Degree and Master's
Degree and of Postgraduates Training£® All the
relevant commissions and departments of the Central
Government, provinces and cities have taken measures to
strengthen the construction of the authorized specialties in
order to build up training bases for high-level
personnel£® In 1987, pro-State Education
Commission selected 416 disciplines designated as priorities
and given greater support from all the doctoral degree
conferring disciplines and specialties in the country's
higher education institutions. 300 Master's and doctoral
degree conferring disciplines and specialties have been
designated as key ones since "Project 211" was
first implemented in 1994£® In 1995,33 higher
education institutions including Beijing University were
approved formally to form graduate schools after long terms
of experiment£® It was in the sight of mustering
manpower, material and financial resources to support a
group of key training bases for postgraduates, to promote
the development of teaching research, and to accumulate
experiences to strengthen the leadership and management and
of graduate education. Thus the overall promotion of quality
and profits of domestic graduate education has been spurned
on. We are making efforts to keep a team of high-level and
capable forces of science, research and teaching in the
field of basic disciplines including natural sciences and
social sciences. We are trying to form some comparatively
centralized training bases. We are working hard on the
training of basic research personnel to represent the
country's level£® At the same time, the training
of practical and compound personnel in the feild of
modernization construction and practical disciplines shall
be speeded to meet the need of the progress of socialist
market economy. For the time being, a network of training
bases encompassing basically all branches of learning,
powerful supervisors and sturdy research techniques has been
established.
Remarkable
achievements have made in the international exchange and
cooperation in degree and graduate
education.
In 1988, the Academic Degree
Committee of the State Council promulgated the Provisional
Regulations on conferring honorable Doctor's Degrees to
Foreigners£® 80 persons abroad had been conferred
the honorable Doctor's Degrees by April, 1999£®The
conferment of the honorable doctoral degree has promoted the
international and regional exchange and cooperation in
Chinese education, science and technology, culture and
sports. It has also played a positive role in the progress
of Chinese education and foreign affairs.
The
Regulations on Conferring Chinese Degrees to International
Students in Higher Education Institutions was adopted at the
l0th meeting of the Academic Degrees Committee of the State
Council£® More than 330 institutions in the
country admit international students from over 150 countries
and regions all over the world. 4569 International students
are supported by Chinese government's scholarship
£¨doctoral students account for
4£®9£¥£» master-level students
account for 14£®5£¥£»
undergraduates account for 33£¥£©and
39035 are self-supported students £¨doctoral
students account for 2£¥£» master-level
students account for 4£®6£¥£»
undergraduates account for
28£¥£©.
The General Office
of the Academic Degree Committee Of the State Council has
continuously evaluated and approved some cooperative
education programs between China and foreign countries.
These programs have been authorized to confer degrees in
Hongkong and abroad based on some regulations of the country
sine l995 in order to promote the teaching levels of the
relevant disciplines and to meet the need of the high-level
personnel in the society. 30-odd such programs have been
approved by June, 1999.
The Academic Degree
Committee of the State Council and it Office, as the
state-level executive agency of the Convention on the
Recognition of Studies, Diplomas and Degrees of Higher
Education in Asia and Pacific Regions, takes on some
relevant works. China has signed bilateral agreements with
10 countries including Russia on mutual recognition of
qualifications of higher education, diplomas and degrees. As
a result of strict examination, evaluation and management
that have been established and implemented, the academic
levels of degrees are rather high in China, wining favorable
comments from the international communities.
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