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| THE REFORM OF HIGHER EDUCATI0N |
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| 2004/05/13 |
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Chinese economic system used to
be very highly centralized£® To adapt to that, the
former higher education system was also centralized, with
education provided by the central and local governments
respectively and directly under their administration. The
disadvantages of this system were that the state undertook
too much responsibilities and the schools lacked the
flexibility and autonomy to provide education according to
the needs of the society, With central departments and local
governments providing education separately, the structure of
education was irrational and segmented£® There
were too many single disciplinary HEIs and professional
HEIs, With the establishment of disciplines over-lapped, the
efficiency of some HEIs fell very low which in return
hampered the improvement of education quality. Therefore,
the structural reform of higher education has become a key
for other higher education reforms. The reforms of higher
education consists of five parts£º reforms of
education provision, management, investment, recruitment and
job-placement, and the inner-institute management, among
which management reform is of most importance and
difficulty. The overall objectives of higher education
reform are to smooth the relationship among government,
society and HEIs, setting up and perfecting a new system in
which the state is responsible for the overall planning and
macro management while the HEIs follow the laws and enjoy
the autonomy to provide education according to needs of the
society.
After several years, endeavour, the
structural reform of higher education has gained heartening
achievements£º In the field of education provision
reform, the old system in which the state undertook the
establishment of all HEIs has been broken, and a new system
in which the government take main responsibility with the
active participation of society and individuals has been
taking shape. The development of HEIs run by social forces
are fully encouraged and supported.
Regarding
management system reform, the relationship among
universities, government and society has been gradually
smoothed out by various ways such as joint establishment,
adjustment, cooperation and merger. A two-level education
provision system has taken shape in which the central and
local government will take different responsibilities to
provide education with the former responsible for the
overall planning and management£® As a result, the
overlapping of education was overcome, At the same time, the
government streamline their administration and delegate more
power to the HEIs, expanding their autonomy of providing
education for the society according to the laws. Since 1992,
251 HEIs have been merged into l35, with the decrease of 116
HEIs,87 adult HEIs have been merged into regular HEIs. 177
HEIs have taken part in the joint establishment, among which
43 are affiliated to the Ministry of Education, 44 to other
Central departments, 90 to local govermments. The joint
establishment have five forms £º joint
establishment by provincial government and central
departments, by municipality and central departments, by
pronincial government and municipality, by provincial
government, municipality and central departments and by
central departments. Nationally, 168 HEIs which were
directly under the administration of central departments are
now under the local governments.8 HEIs which used to be
administrated by provincial professional departments are now
under the administration of provincial education committees.
317 HEIs have developed inter-institute joint education
provision and establish 277 cooperative education provision
entities. Among the participating HEIs, 43 are affiliated to
the MoE, 140 to other central departments and 134 to local
governments. 241 HEIs have cooperated with 5218 enterprises
to provide education with various forms. With enterprises,
enterprises groups and research institutes taking part in
higher education provision, the relationship between HEIs
and society is strengthened and the over capacity of
schooling of HEIs is increased.
With regard to
the financing system, the old system in which the funding of
higher education depended on the governments only has been
changed and a new system capable of pooling resources from
diverse channels with the main responsibilities on
government has been gradually established and
perfected.
With regard to the reform of system
of recruitment, fees charging and graduates jobplacing, on
the basis that all citizens should enjoy the legally equal
right of receiving higher education, which should be
consistently stick to, in the light of local economic
development, a new system in which all students should pay
reasonable contribution to their own higher education has
taken shape. Simultaneously, a scholarship system for
excellent student both academically and morally and a loan,
stipend and taking part-time jobs system for students with
family economic difficulties has been brought into common
practice, ensuring that none students will drop out of
school because of economic reasons. After their graduation,
the students will mainly select their own jobs under the
guidance of the state policy. In addition, the MoE is
undertaking the reform of examination and recruitment of
HEIs which will help HEIs to select talents and expand the
autonomy of schooling, thus laying the foundation of
training creative talents, and also help the secondary
schools to implement comprehensive quality oriented
education.
With regard to the reform of
internal administration mechanism. The key lies in the
personnel system and the allotment system reforms. On the
basis of reasonable organization structure delimitation, all
the teaching staff carry out the post responsibility system
and appointment system and working achievements are
emphasized concerning the personal income allotment, which
strengthens the encouragement mechanism in allotment and
mobilized the enthusiasm of the teaching.
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